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Use of Ozone in Animal Feed Operations (AFO)

Ozmotics — Mon, 01 Dec 2008 21:47:53 +0000

Animal Feed Operations (AFO) are areas where large clusters of livestock inhabit small confined areas.

Unlike traditional livestock management operations where livestock is scattered over larger areas (i.e. grazing pastures, fields, or on rangeland), AFO operations typically require food to be brought in to a small land area where the majority of animals are confined and raised.

While bringing many benefits (i.e. smaller land areas can support larger livestock operations) Animal Feed Operations (AFO) introduce some new and unique challenges that are not typically present in the traditional grazing or scattered livestock management model.

Animal Feed Operations (AFO) – Challenges:

Increased density of livestock confined within smaller land areas will result in increased organic waste (feces, manure, etc) production. In typical grazing style livestock management operations, the surrounding land is able to absorb and biodegrade the produced organic waste. AFO however, will typically require that waste collection, disposal and management be implemented since the land will be over saturated and unable to absorb and biologically decompose all the waste produced.Additionally, animal feed operations typically require that the livestock food be brought in and animals be fed on-site.While feedlot management and delivery can eliminate the amount of food that is wasted before being consumed by the livestock, eventually some food will end up being mixed with manure therefore raising the quantities of waste produced.

Odors:

Increased density of livestock will result in the increased waste production. Increased waste (manure) production within small confined areas will mean that elevation of the unpleasant odors associated with the manure produced (bacterial and microbial transformation of the partially digested and non-digestible biological matter, etc.).

Mismanaged animal food that was not consumed (spilled food) is being removed with the manure and is an additional source of nutrients for the biological organisms feeding off it. The food decomposition process combined with the unpleasant odor of the manure and slurry (caused by odorous indolics microbial metabolites, etc.) will make the AFO a very unpleasant environment that may be considered a strong nuisance by the neighboring establishments. AFO odors are considered as a specific category of air pollution.

Biohazard Risks Associated With AFO:

Manure and slurry created by AFO is an ideal breeding stage and an accelerant for bacterial, fungal and viral growth. The water leaching into the ground or the runoff water exiting to the surrounding watershed can contain dangerous levels of microbiological organisms dangerous to both humans and animals. Contamination of drinking water wells and other clean water holding areas is a considerable factor in AFO. Also algae growth within still water bodies surrounding the animal feed operation is also a well documented issue.

The following is a short-list of bacteria and the associated illnesses each is responsible for. Many are found to thrive well or at least benefit from the nutrient rich environments found in manure and slurry produced within typical animal feed operations.

Bacteria

Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) – Causes Gastroenteritis
Leptospira (spp.) – Causes Leptospirosis
Salmonella typhi – Causes Typhoid fever
Salmonella (≈2,100 serotypes) – Causes Salmonellosis
Shigella (4 spp.) – Causes Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery).
Vibrio cholerae - Causes Cholera

Protozoa

Balantidium coli - Causes Balantidiasis
Cryptosporidium parvum – Causes Cryptosporidiosis
Entamoeba histolytica – Causes Amebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
Giardia lamblia – Causes Giardiasis

Helminths

Ascaris lumbricoides – Causes Ascariasis
T. solium - Causes Taeniasis
Trichuris trichiura – Causes Trichuriasis

Viruses

Enteroviruses (72 types, e.g., polio, echo, and coxsackie virus) – Cause Gastroenteritis, heart anomalies, meningitis.
Hepatitis A virus – Cause Infectious hepatitis
Norwalk agent – Cause Gastroenteritis
Rotavirus – Cause Gastroenteritis

Source: National Small Flow Clearinghouse

Disease and Contamination Propagation Management

Insects such as flies (house fly or Musca domestica) can carry the disease borne microbiological organisms further away from manure and slurry pits and AFO operations.

Flies, mosquitoes and other insects can also cross-contaminate the food meant for human and animal consumption. If such food is exported from an APO facility (i.e. food or milk produced on the farm and taken away to the store or market where it’s being sold to consumers), serious illness or disease outbreaks can result.

The abundance of food will also serve as an attractant to other animals such as rodents (mice, rats, etc.) that are known to potentially be able to carry disease and infection much further than flies and bugs. Birds and other animals can also become disease carriers and because those animals can travel even further as well as pass the disease to other animals they come in contact with, the potential danger of disease spread from mismanaged AFO operation is a clear and serious concern.

Use of Ozone to Control Microbiological Growth

There are many benefits that ozone can bring to an AFO (Animal Feed Operation).
Ozone is a strong oxidant and will react with most organic compounds present in manure and slurry. Therefore ozone will accelerate the decomposition process and help better manage the waste produced by typical AFO.

Ozone is also known to be effective in incapacitating the majority of microbiological organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.). It is widely believed that ozone kills viruses, bacteria and other microbiological organisms by attacking the inner membrane wall of the microbiological organism’s cellular structure.

The effectiveness of ozone to destroy bacteria, viruses and other microbiological organisms has been tested and the results published in several scientific papers and other journals. The following is a summary of results published to date:<.p>

E. coli – Destroyed with 0.02 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Poliovirus 1 – Destroyed with 0.1-0.2 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Rotavirus – Destroyed with 0.006-0.06 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Giardia lamblia cysts – Destroyed 0.5-0.6 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Giardia muris cysts – - Destroyed 1.8-2.0 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7

Ozone is very helpful in reducing odorous phenolics, microbial metabolites (e.g., phenol, p-cresol and p-ethylphenol), odorous indolics, and microbial metabolites (e.g., 3-methylindole and indole) therefore helping greatly in managing odor and air pollution created by an animal feed operation. Therefore the air pollution typically associated with animal feed operations can be eliminated or minimized to more tolerable or acceptable levels.

Ozone for Watershed Management

Increased concentration of organic waste in runoff waters originating from an AFO will result in increased algae growth in lagoons and lakes neighboring the AFO establishment. Ozone can be effectively used to control algae growth in lagoons and ponds. Ozone will eliminate the algae growth by destroying the present algae within the water body as well as oxidizing the biological waste (such as sulphur, phosphor and nitrogen) that serve as an accelerant to algae growth (food source for algae).

Effectiveness of Ozone in Managing Insect Infestations:

The study by Masten et. al (Toxicity of Ozonated Animal Manure to the House Fly, Musca domestica, J. ENVIRON. QUAL., VOL. 30, SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2001), concluded that ozonated slurry is very toxic to house flies.), resulting in a mortality rate of between 9.4% in sheep manure to close to 100% in swine manure. Ozonated slurry can help in management of the airborne insects within the animal feed operation.

The reduction of insects that can become a potential disease carrier, will decrease danger of disease spreading as well as decrease risks of food cross contamination by disease carrying insects.

Use of Ozone as a Food Preserving Agent:

Ozone can be effectively used to preserve both animal food as well as food destined for human consumption. Ozone can be implemented to stop rotting and mold growth inside a feedlot silos as well as to decontaminate and preserve the human food (destroy any bacterial and viral growth on meat, vegetables and processed food as well as ensure that the food is kept sterile afterward). Ozone can also be used in sanitizing work surface areas (food processing, handling and storage areas) as well as livestock habitation areas (places where livestock is kept).

Ozone in AFO Operations – Conclusion:

The benefits of ozone in animal feed operations management are many. Ozone can be used in many areas such as pollution management, disease prevention, food sanitation, environmental remediation and more.

Ozone leaves no harmful by products and is environmentally safe to use (any unused ozone will degrade back into more stable oxygen form shortly after being generated). Ozonated water can be safely re-used or discharged directly to the environment (will not leave any harmful residues).

Ozone technology can be made very portable. Ozone is generated on-site therefore eliminating the need to transport, store and manage it (as the case is with chlorine and other chemicals).

Ozone can be generated from ambient air and the only requirement is that an adequate electrical power source is available. Smaller ozone generator and treatment skids can be designed to be powered by portable electric generators therefore making them very portable and able to be used in more than one physical location and for more than one application.

Aside from the initial investment to purchase and deploy an ozone treatment solution, ozone generators carry much lower overhead than conventional competing solutions (only require a typical maintenance to ensure the equipment will continue functioning properly).

The quality of the equipment installed does matter however. While ozone technology has become more affordable the selection of quality engineered and tested components, is important.
Experience is also a key factor in effectiveness of ozone use in AFO applications. Knowing how much ozone you may require as well as where and how to best use the ozone is a complex process.

In the majority of cases the complexity of factors present will make it very difficult to precisely determine the concentration and quantity of ozone required. In such cases a pre-deployment pilot study may be required. Gathering feedback about parameters and factors affecting the effectiveness of the ozone treatment will make the full implementation of the ozonation technology more effective as well as reduce overall operating costs by sizing the ozone injection skid properly.

If you require additional help and assistance in selecting a unit, please contact an Ozmotics representative at 1-877-386-3763 for a complimentary consultation and review of your application’s requirements.

Disease and Contamination Propagation Management

Insects such as flies (house fly or Musca domestica) can carry the disease borne microbiological organisms further away from manure and slurry pits and AFO operations.

Use of Ozone to Control Microbiological Growth

E. coli – Destroyed with 0.02 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Poliovirus 1 – Destroyed with 0.1-0.2 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Rotavirus – Destroyed with 0.006-0.06 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Giardia lamblia cysts – Destroyed 0.5-0.6 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7
Giardia muris cysts – - Destroyed 1.8-2.0 mg.min/l of O3 at pH: 6 to 7

Ozone for Watershed Management

Effectiveness of Ozone in Managing Insect Infestations:

The reduction of insects that can become a potential disease carrier, will decrease danger of disease spreading as well as decrease risks of food cross contamination by disease carrying insects.

Use of Ozone as a Food Preserving Agent:

Ozone in AFO Operations – Conclusion:

Ozone technology can be made very portable. Ozone is generated on-site therefore eliminating the need to transport, store and manage it (as the case is with chlorine and other chemicals).

http://www.nesc.wvu.edu

Ozone Sizing Guide – How Much Ozone Should You Use

Ozmotics — Mon, 24 Nov 2008 17:09:06 +0000

Properly sizing an ozonation skid is a very important task when planning to use ozone for a particular application. Not adding enough ozone can undermine the effectiveness of the process while adding too much ozone can add unnecessary costs in terms of additional equipment needed to destroy ozone not consumed by the process.

Ozone Production Capacity Considerations:

Generally speaking there are four factors that determine how much ozone is required for a particular application:

Application: Different applications will require different concentrations of ozone. Even the same application will sometimes require a different concentration of ozone (i.e. wastewater treatment applications vary in their requirement for ozone depending on biological and chemical make-up of the effluent).

Contaminants: Ozone is a very strong oxidant, therefore ozone will react with both biological and non-biological contaminants and in general will be effective on both. The “one size fits all” approach cannot normally be used when sizing for anticipated ozone consumption during the particular process. Different elements react differently with ozone. Some applications need very small concentrations of ozone to oxidize contaminants while others will need much larger concentrations to complete the process. (i.e. certain biological organisms are harder to inactivate and therefore require higher ozone concentration).

Temperature and Pressure: Ozone is very effective at lower temperatures and less effective at higher temperatures. As such any application that requires higher temperatures to operate will be a less effective candidate for the use of ozone. Where the temperatures of the medium to be treated with ozone is above 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) the medium may need to be chilled in order to be more effectively treated by ozone.

While ozone works best at lower temperatures the extremely low temperatures are not desired either when considering using ozone.

Still, the optimum temperature for ozonation is strongly dependant on the type of contaminant present and there is no single number or range of temperature readings that produce the best result.

Alternatively, ozone will dissolve better in a pressurized medium therefore elevating the pressure of the application can also benefit the process.

Flow and Capacity: The amount of ozone required to effectively treat the contamination will depend on the flow rate and capacity of the application. The faster the flow rate (measured in gallons per minute GPM or liters per minute LPM) the shorter the contact time between the ozone and the liquid will be thereby resulting in a higher concentration of ozone required. Same can be said for capacity. 10, 000 gallons of effluent to be treated will require more ozone to be injected than treating 1,000 gallons of the same.

Ozone Dosing – General Guidelines:

The following are general guidelines published by “Water & Waste Digest” magazine (http://www.wwdmag.com/).

- Bottled Water: Low to Mid-Range Residual: (0.05 ppm -0.3 ppm)
- Cooling Tower: Low to Mid-Range Residual: (0.05 ppm -0.3 ppm)
- Water Reclamation: Mid to High Range: (0.2 ppm -0.5+ ppm)
- Iron, Sulfur and Manganese Oxidation: Ultra Low Range: (below detectable levels)
- Water Reclamation for Odor Control Only: Low Range: (Less than 0.01 ppm)
- Bacteria Kill: Mid to High Range: (0.2 ppm -0.5+ ppm)

Sizing an Ozone Generator – General Guidelines:

The following are general guidelines for sizing the ozone injection skid based on the type of application (source: http://www.wwdmag.com/)

- Iron, Sulfur, Manganese Oxidation: 0.5 grams/hour (500 ppm) per 5 GPM flow capacity.
- Bottled water to maintain purity: 1 gram/hour per 5 GPM flow capacity.
- Killing bacteria: (100 cfu) = 1 gram per 1 GPM flow capacity.

Other Considerations When Sizing an Ozone Injection Skid:

There are several other factors that could influence the size of the ozonation skid required.

Type of Injection: The larger the contact area ozone has with the contaminant the more effective it will be. Air stone diffusers typically generate large ozone bubbles therefore decreasing the overall contact area. The Venturi injector is a much better technology as it creates many micro bubbles therefore increasing the contact area of ozone with the contaminant. Having a larger contact area will result in a more effective utilization of ozone therefore requiring less ozone to be injected.

Inline Versus Mixing Tank Design:With an inline treatment the entire flow of liquid is treated with the ozone. This means that the ozonation skid will be required to process a larger flow volume. Larger flow volumes will require a larger processing capacity (larger pumps, injectors, etc.). A larger ozonation skid will also require more ozone since the utilization to loss ratio of ozone will also be higher.

The multi-stage mixing tank design typically involves diverting a smaller portion of the flow to the ozonation skid. Ozone is injected and dissolved at a higher than required concentration. The concentrated ozonated flow is then mixed with the main body of water diluting the ozone concentration to the required levels.

Monitoring the Dissolved Concentration of Ozone:

In order to be effective ozone must be kept in a desired concentration within the medium to be treated. A low dissolved concentration will undermine the effectiveness of the ozone and too high a concentration will cause ozone to escape unused therefore requiring larger ozone destruct unit.

So how do you ensure the ozone concentration is maintained at the proper level?

ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) or a REDOX probe will measure the concentration of the dissolved ozone by measuring the oxidation potential of the medium. Since ozone is a strong oxidant agent , the oxidation potential of the medium measured will rise as the concentration of ozone increases. If the concentration levels of ozone decrease the oxidation potential will decrease as well.

Positioning the ORP probe strategically within the application infrastructure will give relatively accurate readings of the ozone concentration at certain points of the system. For example, an ozone mixing tank (baffle tank) will require a higher concentration of ozone than the external storage tank. Placing an ORP probe within the baffle tank and the external tank will allow you to effectively measure and adjust the concentration at both points.

Ozone Sizing – Conclusion

Properly sizing the ozone injection and dissolve rates is an important step in engineering any ozone application. To properly size the amount of ozone needed for a particular application ( as well as to maintain the optimal dissolve rate of the ozone) an experience is the key factor. However in the majority of cases the complexity of factors present will make it very difficult to precisely determine the concentration and quantity of ozone required. In such cases a pre-deployment pilot study may be required. Gathering feedback about parameters and factors affecting the effectiveness of the ozone treatment will make the full implementation of the ozonation technology more effective as well as reduce the overall operating costs by sizing the ozone injection skid properly.

If you require additional help and assistance in sizing a unit, please contact an Ozmotics representative at 1-877-386-3763 for a complimentary consultation and review of your application’s requirements.

Use of Ozone in Industrial Cleaning Applications

Ozmotics — Tue, 18 Nov 2008 22:30:06 +0000

Clean in place (CIP) is a method for cleaning the interior of pipes and other inacessible spaces where regular cleaning methods fail to produce adequate results. The main benefit of the CIP process is that it requires no disassembly of the infrastructure while still being able to provide the sanitation level as required by the applicable standards and regulations.

Benefits of Ozonation in Industrial Cleaning Applications

The typical Clean in Place process consists of injecting water, heat and a combination of chemicals to clean the inacessable surface areas such as pipes, valves, pumps, etc., all of which are difficult to clean with conventional methods.

Most of CIP processes involve the application of heat as well as multiple water flushings with or without the use of chemical agents to aid in cleaning process. The CIP process although simpler than manually disassembling the infrastructure, still requires considerable use of energy and resources. CIP also requires considerable production down-time in order to elevate the temperature of the surfaces to be cleaned and then cool down back to the original working temperature (source: International Ozone Association, Clean in Place publication http://www.Io3a.org).

Unlike conventional methods used for the CIP process, the use of ozone for the CIP process requires no elevation in the surface temperature of the equipment to be cleaned (pipes, pumps, valves, etc.) as ozone is most effective at lower temperatures. As such the warm-up and cool-down times typically associated with the conventional CIP processes and techniques are greatly reduced.

The second benefit of using ozone in industrial cleaning applications is the fact that ozone is effective for the remediation of both biological as well as non-biological contamination. Ozone is a well-known and proven oxidizing agent that will destroy even the hardiest microbiological organisms as well as can oxidize the majority of organic components.

In addition to its universal application, ozone wil leave no residue or chemical traces after the cleaning process is completed therefore making it a safe medium for the remediation and decontamination of the CIP surfaces used in the food industry (i.e. wineries, breweries, food processing etc.). Because of its short half-life cycle and its tendency to quickly revert to oxygen, ozone will typically leave the clean surface free of trace contamination therefore requiring less rinsing compared to other CIP processes.

Effectiveness of Ozone in the Inactivation of Microbiological Organisms

Ozone is very effective in inactivating the majority of biological micro organisms that it comes in contact with. It would appear that ozone will rupture the inner cell membrane of the microbiological organism it reacts with therefore destroying or incapacitating the affected organism. For viruses and other multi-cell micro organisms (that are less affected by the inner membrane rupture) ozone is still an effective destruct medium. Ozone will diffuse through the protein coat into the nucleic acid core, resulting in damaging the viral RNA or oxidizing the outer shell of the viral organism therefore affecting the DNA and RNA structure of the viral organism (source: Ozone Inactivation of Microorganisms: Kinetics and Mechanisms, Ahmed Yousef, Professor of Food Microbiology Ohio State University, Ozone-V Conference April 2, 2007,Fresno California).

Effectiveness of Ozone in Oxidizing Organic Compound Contaminants

Ozone is a strong oxidant with the oxidation potential exceeding that of chlorine and other strong oxidants. As such, ozone will react with most of the complex organic compounds reducing them to simpler elemental compounds that are easy to flush out of the infrastructure being sanitized.

For example, most of BTEX compounds will be oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) both being safe to release into the environment and neither being considered as a dangerous contaminant byproduct in the CIP process. As such, ozone is a choice reactant for in-situ treatment and remediation of the areas affected by the BTEX (in situ ozone sparging: http://www.ozmoticsinsider.com/2008/10/ozone-for-soil-and-ground-water-remediation-in-situ-ozone-sparging/ ).

In addition to soil and ground water remediation for BTEX contamination, ozone can be effectively used to decontaminate and remediate the inner surfaces of equipment and infrastructure (i.e. cleaning of the petroleum storage tanks, pipes, pumps,etc.).

Besides hydrocarbon derivatives, ozone can be used to aid in the CIP procedure for most of the organic compound contaminated infrastructure elements. And since most of the residual and unused ozone will revert back to oxygen during or shortly after the treatment has finished, ozone can be used both as a stand alone CIP agent or it can be used in combination with other chemicals or treatment procedures (such as a pre-wash).

Ozone for Clean in Place Applications – Conclusion

Ozone is very effective for Clean in Place and other industrial infrastructure and equipment decontamination and remediation procedures. The energy and water savings achieved by introducing ozone as an active cleaning agent for the CIP procedure, are well documented. And since ozone generation technology can easily be scaled to fit any application (ozone is generated on-site from ambient air so the only requirement for using the ozone generator on site is the availability of electrical power), ozonation technology for the CIP application can be made quite portable.

If you are interested in learning more about the integration of ozone for Cleaning in Place (CIP) applications or need help sizing a unit please contact an Ozmotics representative at 1-877-386-3763.

Ozone in the Food Industry

Ozmotics — Wed, 12 Nov 2008 23:38:38 +0000

There have recently been multiple published incidents where contaminated food products have found their way into the market place and ultimately onto the consumer’s table. When this happens, typically the remedial action is to do a mass recall of any products that are even remotely suspected of being contaminated.

But the damage that happens when a product is recalled is far greater and significant than the direct financial loss the business suffers from mass- recalling and destroying large quantities of their product that is already on the store shelves and ready to be sold.

For example costs resulting for lawsuits launched by the consumers affected by the recalled product (i.e. getting sick from eating tainted food or drinking the contaminated water) can be significant. The bad publicity it brings and the loss of trust in the brand or the manufacturer of the tainted product can present even more significant liability than the monetary loss incurred due to the cost of recalling the tainted product.

Benefits of Ozone in Preventing Food Product Contamination

Ozone is well known for its ability to quickly and effectively kill the majority of microbiological organisms including some that are resistant to chlorine. Moreover, unlike chlorine, ozone leaves no dangerous trace by-products and therefore can be used not only for sanitizing the work surfaces that come into contact with the processed food but can also be used to sanitize the food directly. This can be accomplished by spraying fruits and vegetables with ozonated water thereby sanitizing the food and destroying any organic contaminants that may be present. Also, ozonating the processed meat and meat products will ensure that those products are free of any traces of bacteria or other microbiological contaminants.

Ozone can also be injected inside cold rooms and other storage compartments that house perishable foods. And unlike chlorine and other chemicals that leave the residue even after the sanitization process has been completed, ozone will leave the food residue-free when the food is ready to be packaged, consumed or further processed.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of ozone as both a direct and indirect antimicrobial agent for the treatment, storage and processing of foods. – Source: Ozone Cip: Ozone Cleaning in Place in Food Industries, Albert Canut, Andrés Pascual, IOA Conference and Exhibition Valencia, Spain – October 29 – 31, 2007.

Use of Ozone for “Clean in Place” ( CIP ) and Work Surface Sanitization

In addition to keeping the food source clean and free of microbiological contamination, ozone is also effective in decontaminating and sanitizing equipment and common processing areas (benches, tables, floors, racks, processing equipment, etc.).

Published research even suggests the ozone to be more effective than chlorine in sterilizing certain microbiological growth on stainless steel (SS) surfaces (Source: A Comparison of Ozonation and Chlorination for the Disinfection of Stainless Steel Surface, ANNEL K. GREENE, BRIAN K. FEW, and JOAO C. SERAFINI, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Clernson University
- Clemson, SC 29634.)

The above study using the bacterial growth on the milk culture on the stainless steel plate medium found ozone to be equivalent to a 4.6 log reduction for chlorinated sanitizer and a 5.6 log reduction for ozone for P. fluorescens and equivalent to a 4.2 log reduction for chlorinated sanitizer and a 4.4 log reduction for ozone for A. faecalis. While both chlorine and ozone were able to achieve bacterial inactivation significantly above 99% percentile, ozone was found to be slightly more effective for sanitizing stainless steel surfaces in the food processing industry.

Other Benefits of Ozone in the Food Industry

The other major benefit of ozone is that it can be effectively combined with other food sanitation procedures without any adverse reaction or need to change or modify the already established procedures used to sanitize food or perform other CIP procedures on surfaces that come in contact with the food source.

Ozonation can be used in conjunction with a hot water wash of work surfaces as well as prior to the application of chlorine or other chemicals used to sanitize work surfaces. Ozone technology is very portable and does not require more than the initial investment to purchase the equipment (ozone is generated on site using ambient air so there are no storage or shipping costs or considerations). The technology is very scalable making it available to even the smallest food processing facilities and since the storage requirements for ozone has been eliminated.

Ozone Use in The Food Industry – Conclusion.

The benefits of introducing ozone as a means of keeping the processed and packaged food free of microbiological contamination, are well documented. Ozone has been approved by the FDA for both indirect and direct contact with handled food. Ozonation is an inexpensive, portable and very effective technology that can be used as a stand-alone method for preventing food source contamination and it may be used in conjunction with the other cleaning and sterilization processes and as well.

As such the use of ozonation technology in the food processing, packaging or any other application where food could be exposed to the contaminant, is strongly recommended.

If you have an application that requires the use of ozone and need help sizing a unit please contact an Ozmotics representative at 1-877-386-3763.